MOV.AP
PT EN
Sign

Avelãs de Ambom / Pêra do Moço 40.6208° N 7.2285° W (Open the location in maps, opens in a new tab)

A biomethane plant!?
Not here!

The Câmara approved the plan in June. The mayor himself says he does not know who the owner is.

50,000 m²

of forest and farmland

REN

part of the site is in the National Ecological Reserve

HIGH

fire hazard on the site (high and very high)

±21.900

m³ per year

370 m

from Quinta Monte Frio

? t/yr

of waste to be treated Not disclosed

We are against

biomethane plants being built close to villages or homes, because:

Every risk, in detail See the sources

We are not alone

There are dozens of biomethane projects in Portugal: DGEG has 42 with prior registration granted or under review. Several are contested by local people, from Torres Novas to Alenquer and Vila do Conde.

Open the map See the list of 29 projects

25 loads a day(Assumption)

The plant's trucks would have only two ways in: through Avelãs de Ambom or through Pêra do Moço. The animation shows one day at the conservative figure we assume, because the real number has not been disclosed.

24 + 26 (Assumption)

truck passages a day through Avelãs de Ambom and through Pêra do Moço (there and back). The capacity has not been disclosed: this is a conservative figure we assume.

≈ 89 dB(A)

at a house front 5 m(Assumption) away, from each passing truck: ≈ 60 dB above the typical night-time background(assumption: 5 m distance and typical night background, not measured in the villages).

60–95

truck movements a day at comparable plants in the UK (Stormy Down 60, Skipton-on-Swale 95). Our 25(Assumption) loads a day are a conservative figure, probably on the low side.

One day of trucks, in under a minute

Try it in the simulator

Simulated time --:--

  • Avelãs de Ambom: 0 of 24 passages today (Assumption)
  • Pêra do Moço: 0 of 26 passages today (Assumption)

25 loads a day, half through each village, from 07:00 to 20:00. The clock speeds up when no truck is on the road. (Assumption)

area where each truck is ≥10 dB above the background noise (assumption: the 10 dB margin is a modelling choice)

Based on real data

Real or measured data

  • Road routes (OpenStreetMap)
  • Distances (MOV.AP measurements on satellite imagery)
  • Guarda wind climatology (ERA5)
  • Noise of comparable plants and trucks (published studies)
  • Portuguese legal limits (General Noise Regulation)
  • WHO road-traffic noise guideline values

Assumptions, flagged (Assumption)

  • Assumption: 25 loads a day (capacity not disclosed)
  • Assumption: Typical rural background noise (28–35 dB(A)), not measured in the villages
  • Assumption: Split of trips between the two routes (50-50)
  • Assumption: Truck working hours
  • Assumption: Plant noise scenario (low, central, high)
  • Assumption: Façade distance of 5 m
  • Assumption: Truck speed (30 km/h in villages, 60 km/h outside)
  • Assumption: Unloading time (45 min)

How it is calculated (Methodology)

The numbers, the law and what to ask Try it in the simulator

What about water?

The parcel lies in the Côa sub-basin, where water is already scarce in summer. The animation shows one year around the parcel, with a scenario taken from real plants (Assumption).

96 %

water scarcity in August in the Côa sub-basin, where the parcel lies (APA's WEI+ index, 1989–2015 average). Over the whole year, 59 %: “severe scarcity”, APA's second-highest class. On the yearly figure, it is the most water-stressed sub-basin in the Douro river basin district.

≈ 106 m³ (Assumption)

of water a day in the “Central: Torres Novas-like” scenario (Assumption): the household use of about 1,180 people (Assumption). The promoter has not disclosed how much water the plant would use, or where it would come from.

0

groundwater-level stations within 30 km of the site. The nearest active one is about 53 km away; APA monitors the groundwater body as a whole.

The water year

Rain, evaporation, recharge and the water the plant could draw, month by month, around the parcel

At the end of the year

Recharge so far within 1 km (Assumption)

131,000 m³

Water drawn by the plant so far (Assumption)

38,800 m³

From April to October recharge is close to zero (Assumption): water drawn in those months would come out of groundwater stored in the fractured granite.

In this scenario, the plant could draw about 30 % of the recharge within 1 km (Assumption).

average monthly rain at the site (Almeidinha) (Assumption) reference evapotranspiration (calculated for Guarda) (Assumption) in mm a month

Water scarcity (WEI+) of the Côa sub-basin (1989–2015 average): 59 % over the year, and each month's value.

Recharge so far within 1 km (Assumption) Water drawn by the plant so far (Assumption) in m³, at the end of each month

  1. Jan

    rain, mm: 100 evapotranspiration, mm: 22

    WEI+ 24 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 41,100

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 3,300

    no recharge

  2. Feb

    rain, mm: 95 evapotranspiration, mm: 31

    WEI+ 29 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 74,900

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 6,300

    no recharge

  3. Mar

    rain, mm: 57 evapotranspiration, mm: 54

    WEI+ 40 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 9,600

    no recharge

  4. Apr

    rain, mm: 68 evapotranspiration, mm: 70

    WEI+ 46 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 12,800

    no recharge

  5. May

    rain, mm: 66 evapotranspiration, mm: 98

    WEI+ 68 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 16,000

    no recharge

  6. Jun

    rain, mm: 37 evapotranspiration, mm: 122

    WEI+ 85 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 19,200

    no recharge

  7. Jul

    rain, mm: 15 evapotranspiration, mm: 143

    WEI+ 93 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 22,500

    no recharge

  8. Aug

    rain, mm: 11 evapotranspiration, mm: 130

    WEI+ 96 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 25,800

    no recharge

  9. Sep

    rain, mm: 41 evapotranspiration, mm: 87

    WEI+ 93 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 29,000

    no recharge

  10. Oct

    rain, mm: 92 evapotranspiration, mm: 49

    WEI+ 63 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 76,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 32,300

    no recharge

  11. Nov

    rain, mm: 107 evapotranspiration, mm: 27

    WEI+ 43 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 88,300

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 35,500

    no recharge

  12. Dec

    rain, mm: 100 evapotranspiration, mm: 20

    WEI+ 25 %

    Recharge so far within 1 km: 131,000

    Water drawn by the plant so far: 38,800

    no recharge

Based on real data

Real or measured data

  • Measured rainfall (IPMA at Guarda; Almeidinha rain gauge)
  • Official average recharge of groundwater body PT03A0X1, the one beneath the site (APA)
  • Water scarcity (WEI+) of the Côa sub-basin (APA)
  • Status of the groundwater body (APA)
  • Yield of granite boreholes (Almeida et al., 2000)
  • Population and ages of the villages (INE, 2021 Census)
  • Water use and losses in Guarda and Avelãs de Ambom (ERSAR, INE)
  • Water use of real plants (evaluation committee opinion and environmental impact study; design figures, not metered)
  • Average water use in a European survey of anaerobic digestion plants (JRC reference document)
  • Groundwater monitoring stations (APA)
  • Catchments and streams (APA)
  • Distance to the water extraction zone (MOV.AP measurement)
  • Rainfall projections (RNA2100)

Assumptions, flagged (Assumption)

  • Assumption: 25 loads a day (capacity not disclosed)
  • Assumption: Load per truck and delivery days a year
  • Assumption: Plant type and water use per tonne (scenarios from real plants)
  • Assumption: Water source: borehole or mains (not disclosed)
  • Assumption: Water drawn evenly through the year
  • Assumption: Average recharge of the groundwater body applied to the site
  • Assumption: Split of recharge across the months (simple soil-water model)
  • Assumption: Rainfall at the site equal to Almeidinha's; evapotranspiration equal to Guarda's
  • Assumption: Parcel location (±50 m)
  • Assumption: Guarda's average household use applied to the villagers
  • Assumption: Typical granite borehole yield, pumped 24 hours a day

How it is calculated (Methodology)

Rain, groundwater and villages: the numbers and what to ask Methodology

What is a biomethane plant?

Bacteria break down organic waste in closed tanks, without oxygen. Gas comes out, and a residue is left: the digestate.

Diagram of a biomethane plant: trucks bring the waste, which is received, digested without oxygen and upgraded; the biomethane goes into the gas grid and the digestate onto fields. 1 2 3 4 5
  1. Trucks bring the waste. In Guarda, all that is known is that it would be "non-hazardous organic waste".
  2. Reception and storage. This is the main source of odour at these plants.
  3. Digester. Without oxygen, bacteria produce biogas: 50–70% methane, 30–50% CO2 and a little hydrogen sulphide.
  4. Upgrading. CO2 and H2S are removed to get biomethane; some methane is lost on the way.
  5. Outputs. The biomethane goes into the gas grid; the digestate is spread on fields as fertiliser.

The risks

"This is not about fear. It is about responsibility." Tap a card to see the key point and its source.

  • Air and odours

    In field inspections at biogas plants, odour was noticed 250–600 m away. Waste reception is the main source of odour.

    Where does the smell go?

    Read more: Air and odours

  • Water

    Digestate spills into rivers are the best-documented serious risk. At Châteaulin (France, 2020), about 180,000 people had tap-water restrictions for about 5 days.

    Read more: Water

  • Soil

    Digestate is spread as fertiliser. Digestion does not remove heavy metals, and digestate from packaged food waste can carry microplastics.

    Read more: Soil

  • Traffic and noise

    At comparable plants, traffic studies forecast dozens of trucks a day. In Guarda the number has not been disclosed.

    Read more: Traffic and noise

  • Leaks, fires and explosions

    Across 13,171 European biogas stations there were more than 800 accidents in 10 years, most without serious consequences. Modelled effects usually stay within tens of metres.

    Read more: Leaks, fires and explosions

  • House values

    In France, rural methanisation units lowered nearby house prices by about 5% within 1 km. No effect was found beyond 1 km.

    Read more: House values

How serious these risks are depends on the location, the technology, the management and the distance to homes. That is why we ask for an environmental impact assessment before any decision.

Every risk, in detail

How close is too close?

Other countries keep these plants away from homes by law. Compare with the distances measured from the parcel.

  1. Zona de exploração de água352 m
  2. Quinta Monte Frio370 m
  3. Quinta (a nascente)654 m
  4. Avelãs de Ambom (limite nascente)1,038 m
  5. Igreja de Pêra do Moço1,391 m

Minimum distances in other countries:

  • France: 200 m
  • England: 200 m
  • England, with open-air composting: 250 m
  • Germany, enclosed plant: 300 m
  • Germany, open plant: 500 m
  • Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): 2,000 m (draft decree)

Sources of the distances:

We found no fixed minimum distance in Portugal between these plants and homes. The law only requires digestate storage to be 25 m from third-party housing.

See every rule and the sources

What has happened

  1. The Câmara recognises the municipal public interest

  2. The Assembleia Municipal's "positive opinion of intent"

  3. Nothing more on biomethane in the minutes

  4. No public consultation found

  5. Next step

    Planning and environmental licensing; no date yet for a public consultation.

See the full timeline

Questions people ask

The questions we hear most, with answers and sources. Have another? Write to us.

What is a biomethane plant?

An industrial installation where bacteria break down organic waste in closed tanks without oxygen. It produces biogas, 50–70% methane, which is upgraded to biomethane for the gas grid; what is left, the digestate, is spread on fields as fertiliser.

Where exactly is it?

In the parish union of Avelãs de Ambom and Rocamondo, between Avelãs de Ambom and Pêra do Moço. The exact parcel has not been published. MOV.AP measured the parcel outline on satellite imagery; on the map its position is approximate.

Who is the promoter?

Lambert Bioenergy (Biometano Cosmos, Unipessoal Lda.). At a council meeting the mayor said he does not know who the owner is. A councillor said the proposal arrived by email from a Spanish company, "Lambert", and that the tax number belongs to another company. The company registry certificate was requested three times; the documents sent to councillors in August are not public.

Has the project already been approved?

No. The Câmara recognised the municipal public interest and the Assembleia Municipal gave a "positive opinion of intent". The mayor called it "a mere intention" and said urban-planning and environmental licensing are still to come. A biomethane plant needs prior registration with DGEG and environmental and planning licences before it can operate.

Will there be an environmental impact study?

It depends on the capacity, which has not been disclosed. An environmental impact assessment is mandatory from 100 t/day, or at any capacity in a sensitive area; below that, the need is assessed case by case.

All questions and the other side

Take part

Four ways to help, from the quickest to the most involved.

  • Follow

    News and meetings on the movement's page.

    Follow on Facebook (opens in a new tab)

  • Sign

    Two petitions: to the Assembleia da República and to Guarda's Câmara and Assembleia Municipal.

    0 signatures

    Petition to the Assembleia da República: 0 of 1,000 signatures

    0 / 1,000

    Next goal: 1,000 signatures, hearing and publication in the Diário da AR · 0 online · 0 on paper, only those collected by MOV.AP

    Sign the petition

  • Vote

    One person, one vote, confirmed by email. The results are public.

    Vote

  • Get updates

    Public consultations, sessions and news, by email. Unsubscribe at any time.

    Subscribe

Sources on this page

  1. Ata da reunião ordinária da Câmara Municipal da Guarda de 19 de junho de 2026 (Ponto 18, Proposta VPCM n.º 10/2026) Câmara Municipal da Guarda · 19 Jun 2026
  2. Unidade de Biometano de Sousel REGA Energy
  3. MOV.AP: medições sobre imagem de satélite, outubro de 2026 (distâncias do limite da parcela à zona de exploração de água, quintas e aldeias) MOV.AP · 16 Oct 2026
  4. Portugal quer cobrir 9% do consumo de gás com biometano até 2030 Público · 25 Apr 2026
  5. Comissão de utentes convoca vigília contra unidade de biometano em Torres Novas Observador · 17 Jul 2026
  6. Assembleia Municipal de Alenquer contra instalação de central de biometano RTVON · 28 Sep 2026
  7. Cerca de 200 moradores protestam contra central de biometano em Vila do Conde Viva Porto · 29 Sep 2026
  8. Rotas rodoviárias entre o local e as aldeias: extração Overpass, 17.10.2026 © OpenStreetMap contributors (licença ODbL) · 2026-10-17
  9. Regulamento (UE) n.º 540/2014, anexo III: limites de ruído de veículos (N3, medição a 7,5 m) União Europeia (cópia legislation.gov.uk)
  10. FHWA: níveis de ruído de passagem de camiões pesados (Lmax a 50 pés) Federal Highway Administration (EUA)
  11. REC: Noise Impact Assessment, Coursers Farm AD (AC100899-1R3) REC (consultora, para o requerente) · 2016-05-31
  12. ISO 9613-2: atenuação do som na propagação ao ar livre (método simplificado) Organização Internacional de Normalização
  13. Redmore Environmental: Noise Impact Assessment, Rufford AD (ref. 1288-2) Redmore Environmental · 2017-04-20
  14. EPA Irlanda: documento de licença com ruído de fundo rural noturno (LA90 30–31 dB(A)) Environmental Protection Agency (Irlanda)
  15. Development Control Committee report P/14/700/FUL (digestão anaeróbia de Stormy Down) Bridgend County Borough Council (País de Gales) · 2015-02
  16. Skipton-on-Swale (North Yorkshire): central de digestão anaeróbia recomendada para aprovação, até 144 000 t/ano Bioenergy News
  17. Climatologia do vento no local, 2021–2025: reanálise ERA5 através da Open-Meteo Historical Weather API (16 setores, velocidade, dia/noite) Open-Meteo.com (dados ERA5 do Copernicus/ECMWF) · período 2021–2025, calculado em 16.10.2026
  18. Decreto-Lei n.º 9/2007: Regulamento Geral do Ruído (art. 3, 11 e 13, anexo I) Diário da República
  19. Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region (2018): tráfego rodoviário, Lden 53 dB e Lnight 45 dB Organização Mundial da Saúde, Gabinete Regional para a Europa · 2018
  20. Planos de Gestão de Região Hidrográfica, 3.º ciclo: serviços ArcGIS (massas de água, pressões, estado, WEI) APA (SNIAmb) · dados de 2022–2024; consultado em 29.10.2026
  21. Plano de Gestão da Região Hidrográfica do Douro (RH3), 3.º ciclo: Parte 2, Volume B Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente · 2024
  22. Parecer da Comissão de Avaliação, procedimento de AIA n.º 3857: Unidade de Biometano de Sousel Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente (SIAIA) · abril de 2026
  23. UPB Torres Novas: Estudo de Impacte Ambiental, Aditamento (T2025-0064-02-EIA-UPB-TRN-ADIT-00) Gasdaterra / Quadrante (via APA, SILiAmb) · 21 Apr 2026
  24. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Treatment (JRC113018) Comissão Europeia, Joint Research Centre · 2018
  25. EIA da Unidade de Produção de Biometano de Ferreira do Alentejo: Aditamento (T2025-028-02-EX-ENV-EIA-ADIT-0), AIA 599 FBG Ferreira do Alentejo / Quadrante (via CCDR Alentejo) · 2026
  26. Relatório Indicadores e Dados 2023 (RASARP 2024) ERSAR · 2024
  27. População residente (estimativas anuais), indicador 0012918 INE · dados de 2023–2025
  28. Estações de monitorização de águas subterrâneas (serviço ArcGIS) APA (SNIAmb) · consultado em 29.10.2026
  29. Plano de Gestão da Região Hidrográfica do Douro (RH3), 3.º ciclo: Fichas de Massa de Água, Volume I Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente · 2024
  30. Aquíferos das Bacias Hidrográficas do Rio Tejo e das Ribeiras do Oeste (capítulo do LNEC, M. M. Oliveira) ARH do Tejo · 2010
  31. RASARP 2026, Vol. 2, Anexo III: Dados da qualidade da água (baixa), 2025 ERSAR · 2026
  32. Dados do controlo da qualidade da água para consumo humano: Zona de Abastecimento Caldeirão, 2.º trimestre de 2026 APAL-SIM (Águas Públicas em Altitude) · 16.09.2026
  33. GHCN-Daily POE00100963 Almeidinha (fonte ECA&D), 1959–1998 NOAA NCEI · consultado em 29.10.2026
  34. Normal Climatológica da Guarda 1991–2020 (v1.0) IPMA · 2024
  35. Normais climatológicas da Guarda (082), 1971–2000 Instituto de Meteorologia · c. 2008
  36. Andrade e Ventura: Hargreaves-Samani vs Penman-Monteith em 20 estações portuguesas, Finisterra LIX(127) e33850 Finisterra / CEG-ULisboa · 2024
  37. Plano de Gestão da Região Hidrográfica do Douro (RH3), 3.º ciclo: Parte 2, Volume A Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente · 2024
  38. Sistemas Aquíferos de Portugal Continental: Maciço Antigo, Introdução e Zona Centro-Ibérica (Almeida, Mendonça, Jesus e Gomes) INAG / Centro de Geologia da FCUL (alojado no SNIRH) · 2000
  39. População residente por lugar (censitário), sexo e grupo etário: Censos 2021, indicador 0011790 INE · Censos 2021
  40. População residente por local de residência, sexo e grupo etário: Censos 2021 e 2011, indicador 0011609 INE · 23 Nov 2022
  41. RNA2100: Climate Projections, Extremes and Indices, Mainland Portugal (Supplementary Material) APA / RNA2100 · fevereiro de 2024
  42. Bayle et al. (2018), Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 68, pp. 79–84: emissões de odor em três unidades de metanização em França Chemical Engineering Transactions (AIDIC) · 2018
  43. Methane slip from biogas upgrading (apresentação) IEA Bioenergy Task 37 · 2023-11
  44. Empresa de biometano quer instalar-se na Guarda O Interior · 25 Jun 2026
  45. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems (2024): revisão sobre o uso agrícola do digerido Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · 2024
  46. Carta aberta à população MOV.AP · 2026
  47. Odour emissions impact of on-farm biogas production with co-digestion: a case study in four European farms Université de Liège (Adam G. et al.), conferência ManuREsource, Bruges · 5 Dec 2013
  48. 400 m³ de digestat dans l'Aulne à Châteaulin : Engie Bioz condamnée par la justice Splann! · 4 Dec 2023
  49. Weithmann et al. (2018), Science Advances 4: eaap8060: fertilizantes orgânicos como via de entrada de microplásticos no ambiente Science Advances (AAAS) · 2018
  50. Kotek, Trávníček e Blecha (2015), Chemical Engineering Transactions 43: 1933–1938: acidentes em estações de biogás europeias Chemical Engineering Transactions (AIDIC) · 2015
  51. Scénarios accidentels et modélisation des distances d'effets associées pour des installations de méthanisation de taille agricole et industrielle (rapport Ineris-201652-2437679-v2.0) INERIS · 26 Jan 2021
  52. Faulques, Bonnet e Bourdin (2025), Energy Economics 145: 108488: efeito das unidades de metanização no preço das casas em França Energy Economics (Elsevier) · 2025
  53. Flash ARIA: Méthanisation, comment développer la filière sans développer les risques ? BARPI (Ministério da Transição Ecológica, França) · 2018-05
  54. OpenStreetMap: localização das aldeias de Avelãs de Ambom, Pêra do Moço, Rocamondo, Martianes e Verdugal e da igreja de Pêra do Moço Contribuidores do OpenStreetMap · consultado em 16.10.2026
  55. Arrêté du 12 août 2010 relatif aux prescriptions générales applicables aux installations classées de méthanisation relevant du régime de l'enregistrement (rubrique 2781), version consolidée AIDA (INERIS), Ministère de la Transition écologique · 12 Aug 2010
  56. SR2021 No 6: anaerobic digestion facility including use of the resultant biogas (installations) GOV.UK (Environment Agency) · 26 Feb 2026
  57. TA Luft 2021, n.º 5.4.8.6.2: distância mínima de 300 m para instalações fechadas de biogás (resumo num documento de licenciamento) UVP-Verbund (documento de licenciamento na Baviera) · 5 Mar 2025
  58. Merkblatt DWA-M 372 (folha de correção): 300 m para instalações fechadas e 500 m para abertas DWA (Associação Alemã da Água) · consultado em 16.10.2026
  59. Proyecto de Decreto sobre las plantas de transformación en biometano (documento de participación pública) Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (Espanha) · 2026 (projeto em consulta pública)
  60. Pesquisa documental do MOV.AP: distâncias mínimas entre centrais de biogás e habitações em Portugal (nenhuma regra encontrada) MOV.AP (investigação para este site) · 16 Oct 2026
  61. Portaria n.º 79/2022, de 3 de fevereiro (gestão de efluentes pecuários; o digerido de biogás é equiparado a efluente pecuário) Diário da República, 1.ª série, n.º 24 · 3 Feb 2022
  62. A instalação de energias renováveis e de biometano no concelho da Guarda gerou, na reunião da Câmara Municipal, uma troca de argumentos sobre a necessidade da participação pública nos processos Rádio F · 21 Aug 2026
  63. Portal de dados abertos da Câmara Municipal da Guarda: listagem de atas e deliberações Câmara Municipal da Guarda · consultado em 16.10.2026
  64. Participa: portal de consultas públicas (pesquisa de consultas para este projeto) Participa.gov.pt · consultado em 16.10.2026
  65. Ata da reunião ordinária da Câmara Municipal da Guarda de 10 de agosto de 2026 Câmara Municipal da Guarda · 10 Aug 2026
  66. Ata da reunião ordinária da Câmara Municipal da Guarda de 13 de julho de 2026 Câmara Municipal da Guarda · 13 Jul 2026
  67. Ata da reunião ordinária da Câmara Municipal da Guarda de 27 de julho de 2026 Câmara Municipal da Guarda · 27 Jul 2026
  68. Despacho Conjunto APA–DGEG n.º 1/2026 (sequência de licenciamento das unidades de biometano) DGEG / APA · 7 Jan 2026
  69. Enquadramento Legal da Digestão Anaeróbia (nota técnica) LNEG / APA · 8 Apr 2026

See all sources